Response to 4 students assignment posting with 2 references each Coursework

Reaction to 4 understudies task posting with 2 references each - Coursework Example The understudy chooses Ms McClung as the person who speaks to incredible initiative. He takes out energy as an extraordinary quality in Ms McClung that makes her an incredible pioneer. As indicated by the understudy, she has enthusiastic insight and approaches complex issues inside her group other than not being hesitant to make a move in her position of authority (Hackman, 2010). She settles on choices that consider the government assistance of the two representatives and the association. Her authority style is consequently one that has choices considering the necessities of workers at an individual level, this the understudy says, is a decent quality in a pioneer yet as indicated by Ltd ( 2004-2010), ought not be a prevailing element in the general administration style. The understudy picked Charles Edwards as his incredible pioneer to examine and gave a brief however expand history of Edwards fro when he was a youthful officer in 1987 to when he stirred his way up to the top. As a groundbreaking second, the understudy cites Hackman’s (2002) remarks that; â€Å" an incredible group pioneer doesn't depend on a solitary technique for advancing group viability yet rather works the course of group consistency therefore strengthening the result of hands on training†. This remarks, he says, changed the perspective of Edwards and in as much as he found the remorseless toward the beginning, he later exemplified them and that changed his whole future as a pioneer. He features self-assurance as the attribute that makes Edwards an extraordinary pioneer. Marlana picks R. Wilson, the neighborhood Chief of Police as the compelling pioneer for this conversation. She clarifies that Chief Wilson has worked through the positions and comprehends both the formal and casual condition of the organization as well as the network too. Powerful administrators as indicated by Cohen, Eimicke and Heikkila (2008), are those in standard touch with the casual set up and have an astounding comprehension of their

Gaia: Argument over a single word Essay -- Essays Papers

Gaia: Argument over a solitary word Proposal: Life on earth has been considered by some as an intentional association inclining toward environmental soundness. Be that as it may, when established researchers drove by James Lovelock attempted to coordinate this idea with science, it was (and keeps on being) a predicament. Presentation At whatever point one hears the word Gaia, the person in question will likewise hear life, goddess, reason, nature, and without a doubt contention. Very few subjects have incited more contention among mainstream researchers than the possibility that the climate, biosphere, and its living creatures act as a solitary framework, endeavoring to keep up a strength that is helpful for the presence of lifeâ€the supposed Gaia hypothesis or Gaia speculation. The primary contention lies in the way that the name Gaia originates from an antiquated Greek goddess (Mother Earth). Since Gaia’s sources, it appears as though she was the most worshiped among the Greek divine beings: Liberated from birth or demolition, of time or space, structure or condition, is the Void. From the unceasing Void, Gaia moved forward and folded herself into a turning ball. She shaped mountains along her spine, valleys in the hollows of her tissue. Continuously the Earth Mother showed blessings on her surface and acknowledged the passing into her body. Consequently, she was worshipped by all humans. From inside the obscurity of her insider facts, Gaia got their blessings (Spretnak 47-48). The amazing magnet of the hypothesis is that Gaia is a straightforward four-letter word that infers woman's rights and nature, two perspectives that don't fit in balanced science. Had the advocates called the hypothesis A robotic framework with homeostatic propensities as recognized by synthetic irregularities in the earth’s atmosphereâ€as Lovelock expected to call it, the thought may not ha... ...cated matters (as Gaia) from the beginning of time, and mankind has had the option to choose whether or not utilizing them is a decent method. There are realities to be found and methods of disclosing them to be conveyed. People are not the focal point of the universe. Nor is some other species. Lynn Margulis Works Cited Bjornerud Marcia. Gaia-Gender and Scientific Representations of the Earth [Part 1 of 2] {Contemporary Women's Database} Sep. 1997: 96-106. Linden, Eugene. Thoughts: How the Earth Maintains Life an Intriguing Scientific Theory Continues to Win Adherents. {Time} 13 Nov. 1989: 114. Lutzenberg, Jose. Gaia's Fever. {The Ecologist} Mar.- Apr. 1999: 59. Margulis, Lynn. Life on Earth Doesn't Need Us. {Independent} 02 Sep. 1998: 5. Spretnak, Charlene. {Lost Goddesses of Early Greece: A Collection of Pre-Hellenic Myths}. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984.

Incident Analysis and Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Episode Analysis and Development Plan Essay In my past assignments I have endeavored to reveal some insight into the 3 capacities which I have distinguished; which were in particular the Leadership abilities, Knowledge aptitudes and the Interpersonal Management aptitudes. Every one of these 3 abilities is critical for a decent supervisor and every hold its own centrality in the structure of a strong character. With the end goal of this examination paper, I will focus on the Leadership and Interpersonal Management abilities whereupon I have just discussed previously. Tackling these two qualities would help development on the individual level and gives a knowledge into a person’s by and large character as saw from some outside source. Occurrence Analysis Authority is a worth stirring ability (Heifetz, 1994). Reviewing any such second where I have taken the mantle of initiative I would most certainly need to cite of my scholastic encounters. Gatherings and groups are an unavoidable truth during one’s scholastic years and in said gatherings and groups there are frequently clashes emerging which without the nearness of a group chief, lead to bombed cutoff times, unsatisfactory work quality and by and large obnoxiousness among colleagues (Maister, 2002). I can obviously review the last time I was a piece of a gathering and it was in said bunch that I got an opportunity to assume the job of the group head. The choice of me being group pioneer emerged because of my past involvement with the point and when the opportunity arrived to pick the pioneer from among the partners I had the mastery in the subject. Despite the fact that I was not experienced much in any administration position, I had the option to make an adequate showing as the gathering head and it caused me to welcome the extreme occupation that it is to lead individuals towards a solitary objective in order to make the accomplishment a common vision (Purpose of Leadership, 1997). Notwithstanding, one thing I learned was that Leadership is never static as the job of a pioneer continues changing in current occasions and anyone who has a capability in some ability would take on the pioneer job when business related to his region of specialization emerged. With no administration there would barely be any feeling of where the group was going and it would be aimless advancing further (Kelly, 2007). Relational aptitudes are additionally significant as of late as individuals from varying social statuses need to communicate with others to complete their occupations. Already it was the conviction that a few occupations required almost no communication with others, for example, money related occupations and other work area occupations where the representatives would have insignificant mingling (Hayes, 2002). Be that as it may, presently the field has changed with individuals interfacing with others for the trading of information, and for mingling purposes. An occurrence in regards to where I needed to exhibit my relational aptitudes emerged when while orchestrating a foundation occasion for which companions required assistance, I needed to visit various markets and manage various individuals over completing patrons and getting game plans. Through the course of this outing I needed to associate with various individuals and show relational abilities which included communicating with individuals at all levels, for example, basic workers and storekeepers. This component of communicating with individuals at all levels is gainful as in it encourages later to intrigue bosses (Seneca, 2001). Through the course of associating with individuals I had the option to get some great contacts that would come in productive for sometime later while likewise conquering my fear of addressing outsiders and turning out to be progressively happy with conversing with individuals (Hargie Dickson, 2003). Self Assessment Estimating one’s administration abilities, one should initially perceive the kinds of pioneers that exist. There is some contention concerning whether there are 6 sorts or 7 kinds of pioneers yet actually I like to agree with the 7 sorts contention. In view of 5 measures pioneers are put into the kinds of the transformational pioneer, the implementer, the arrangement producer, the executive, the visionary, the sequential business person and the turn specialist (Taffinder). The five components whereupon pioneers are resolved are: force setting, have conviction, produce minimum amount, challenge and change and they make and face challenges. Regarding the definitions gave, I would rank myself as an Enforcer. This is because of the way that I am chance loath when gatherings are concerned and will in general stick to tried and attempted rules. I am profoundly certain when taking activities and attempt to rouse colleagues in a way that they have the inclination to accomplish something (Brill Barth, 2008).  I abstain from facing superfluous challenges since the obligation of driving a group as I would see it doesn't allow one the chance to face challenges. On the off chance that the hazard pays off that’s great, however in the event that the hazard doesn't, at that point the pioneer is answerable for the result of occasions. This duty I accept removes the freedom that a pioneer ought to have and should make him progressively genuine towards driving his devotees to accomplishing the objective (Ball, 2003). Judging anyone’s relational aptitudes isn't so natural as it includes input from outer sources. At the point when others disclose to one how well they are performing, at that point one can be any announcement with respect to the achievement or disappointment of it. I would state that I am adequately enriched with my relational abilities. I would reach the resolution considering the achievement rate when managing others. I have frequently needed to lead undertakings with other outer gatherings thus far I would state that I have done an excellent activity in completing relational dealings. Analysts recommended that self investigating when identified with relational aptitudes ought to be maintained a strategic distance from by scientists since the judgment would consistently be one-sided and the appropriate response would be uninfluenced in extremely uncommon case (Rubin, Palmgreen, Sypher, Beatty, 2004). This returns to the point referenced that since individuals are unconscious as to the greater part of what they do, deciding the proficiency of their achievement in Interpersonal Communication is exceptionally difficult to do. An idea known as Self Monitoring as a rule prompts more noteworthy accomplishment in deciding a person’s relational abilities. Self Monitoring is an attribute shown by acclaimed great open speakers, as they were open of their crowds and could adjust their introduction according to the reaction from the crowd. Numerous lawmakers, for example, Bill Clinton for instance have been accounted for to have solid Self Monitoring abilities. Review myself through outside eyes I have deduced that in the brief timeframe that I have gotten all the more expert dynamic in associating with others, I would state that I am very fruitful in connecting with individuals and can without much of a stretch convey forward a discussion and can engage and speak with others easily (Corbin, Corbin, Lindsey, 2007).  If contrasted with the degree required in the administrative world and expert world, I would need to state that the abilities I have are somewhere close to worthy and need somewhat greater improvement. Since authority is a situational issue, with administration some of the time being given and different occasions not, no one but time can tell how well one has performed. A few circumstances require more understanding and mastery while others are moderately straightforward as you should simply move your group and it effectively completes the assignment all alone (Drucker, 1995)I have as a rule experienced the previous as I haven’t yet saw any serious position of authority where I’d need to settle on choices which would prompt more prominent outcomes. Relational aptitudes are basic for any business action and contrasting it with the market levels I would state that some improvement, or refinement, is required. Despite the fact that I am not miserable with my relational aptitudes, it is as yet a distant from being totally great. I trust I have enough aptitudes to in any event complete the fundamental occupations. Improvement Plans To enhance my relational abilities, I have chosen to tune in to the proposals expressed. Grinning all the more regularly when conversing with others, being progressively energetic about others remarks, giving more consideration to other people, rehearsing undivided attention (applying stuff that I have learnt through tuning in to other people), uniting individuals, attempting to determine clashes, conveying early, and in a silly way, attempting to see different people’s points of view and abstaining from whining are a few estimates that I intend to receive so as to improve my relational abilities (All Business). Following these tips I intend to turn out to be increasingly mainstream in swarms and become progressively responsive to others while cooperating with them. These tips would help me in establishing a progressively ideal connection before others and become a well known and pleasurable individual to converse with. Furthermore, that thus would make speaking with others increasingly simpler for me and all the more regularly. As of now what I’m lacking because of inability with cooperating with others would be settled on the off chance that I carefully follow these referenced tips. To build up my authority style I should initially note where I fall behind other effective pioneers, and for this situation, I have distinguished that I am profoundly hazard unwilling and consequently end up ruining bunch from arriving at its maximum capacity. Facing more challenges, however with the assent and full data being given to the gathering so they can give their criticism also, I will attempt to move towards turning into a Transformational Leader who takes care of business, yet moves the supporters to think about the objectives as their objectives too and have a consolidated inspiration towards the activity too. End Initiative and relational abilities are significant for today’s directors as it is the manager’s occupation to complete the assignments while keeping a solid sound connection between all degrees of the workers (Koellner, 2002). Right now I am more than fit for taking care of the straightforward circumstances which may emerge on an everyday premise, except to really deal with circumstances which may influence a bigger

Deconstructing Master-Narrative the Postmodern View of History in Volkswagen Blues and Diego Rivera’s Detroit Industry Murals - Literature Essay Samples

History is written by the victorious, the dominating nation, the ruling class, and subaltern voices are overpowered and unheard. Jean-Francois Lyotard, in his The Postmodern Condition, critiques the historical master-narrative, the vision of history as a totalizing narrative schema that reflects a singular perspective: â€Å"I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives†¦ The narrative function is losing its functors, its great hero, its great dangers, its great voyages, its great goal.†[1] The all-encompassing, goal-oriented master-narrative is only a means to legitimize a subjective vision as truth. In its place, postmodernists argue, marginalized, localized, subaltern histories must be heard.[2] Jacques Poulin’s Volkswagen Blues reflects the postmodern condition in its unraveling of the traditional, colonial, white supremacist portrayal of American history, opening with, â€Å"We are no longer the heroes of history† (Poulin). In their experienc e of Diego Rivera’s Detroit Industry mural, Jack and La Grande Sauterelle find themselves in the role of both creator and victim of a grand master-narrative to reveal the inadequacy of a totalizing, determinate vision of history. The vehement opposition to Rivera’s representation of race in the Detroit Industry murals reflects the white fear of having its singular vision of history challenged. Edsel Ford, son of Henry Ford, commissioned Rivera in 1930 to paint 27 panels on the walls in the courtyard of the Detroit Institute of Arts depicting the spirit of Detroit (Goodall 457). Rivera decided to portray the industrial production and assembly of Ford’s V8 engine, from the extracting of mineral ore from the soil to the completed automobile driving off into the sunset. Rivera topped his mural with large representations of the four component races of the American continent: black, white, red, and yellow. His reasoning was to connect present day America with the source of its wealth, its aboriginal roots, and the multiple races that contribute to its industry. As Alex Goodall explains, â€Å"Rivera saw a principal function of his work as contributing to a grand vision of Western continental unity, a n attempt to grapple with the idea of Americanism, and strip from it what he saw as encrustations of European culture† (473). Yet white middle and upper classes attacked the painting as â€Å"un-American† (473) because it did not reflect their vision of superior European legacy. As Rivera’s biographer explained, â€Å"People looked for the statuesque female of classic drapes†¦ holding a tiny automobile in one hand and a lighted torch in the other† (469). Goodall observed, â€Å"Underlying this was the fear expressed by European elites that non-white culture might come to eclipse the Western European legacy in the United States† (473). Rivera attacked his detractors’ narrow vision of history, saying, â€Å"What they decry as an ‘un-American invasion’, [is] namely the pictorial representation of the basis of their city’s existence and the source of its wealth, painted by a direct descendant of aboriginal American stock !† (473). In essence, the negative reaction to Rivera’s work reflects two competing visions of history: the dominating white and its view of its own European supremacy and the marginalized minority who wants voice for his contribution. Rivera saw Americanism in its aboriginal roots while white Americans wanted to see it in its western, Greco-Roman European origins. Jacques Poulin too reflects the white rejection of America’s aboriginal roots in favor of a Eurocentric vision. The legend of Eldorado, of the â€Å"chief of an Indian tribe† who â€Å"would shed all his clothes, coat his body with a resinous substance, and roll in powdered gold† and then with his â€Å"gilded body† dive â€Å"into the water† (Poulin 17) reemerges when Jack and La Grande Sauterelle arrive at the â€Å"Royal Bank Plaza† with its â€Å"glass panels dusted with gold† and â€Å"two golden prisms:† â€Å"The building looked as bright and warm as honey, and they couldn’t help thinking about the gold of the Incas and about the legend of Eldorado† (55). The echo of Eldorado in the present mirrors Rivera’s depiction of America’s contemporary wealth sourced from an aboriginal past. At the same time, the Spanish European ring to â€Å"Royal Plaza† conjures the Age of Exploration so that w ithin the image of the bank is the clash of European and indigenous boundaries. What once belonged to Indians, now has been transferred so that white culture is indebted to its aboriginal origin of wealth. However, even as he realizes this historical indebtedness, Jack still reveals a longing to retain a master-narrative of white supremacist history: â€Å"It was as if every dream was still possible. And for Jack, in his heart of hearts, it was as if all the heroes of his past were still heroes† (55). Jack cannot simultaneously exalt an Indian legend, while calling white explorers and conquerors heroes. As La Grande Sauterelle tells him, â€Å"When you talk about the discoverers and explorers of America†¦ I’ve got nothing in common with the people who came looking for gold and spices and a passage to Asia. I’m on the side of the people who were robbed of their lands and of their way of life† (16-7). The conflict in views reveals the historical use of a singular totalizing master-narrative as a means by those in power to affirm and justify their dominance, to create heroes out of murderers and stifle the voice of the conquered and defeated. Rivera’s inclusion of four races also undermines the historical master-narrative by forwarding racial integration and miscegenation. The selection of the four specific races comes from Josà © Vasconcelos’ theory of The Cosmic Race. Vasconcelos was the Minister of Education in Mexico from 1921-24 who launched the Mexican mural movement and was thus responsible for bringing Rivera to fame (Jaà ©n xxiii). In his The Cosmic Race, Vasconcelos upturned the colonial mentality of mestizaje, or mixed race, as degenerate and inferior, writing: Thus we have the four stages and the four racial trunks: the Black, the Indian, the Mongol, and the White. The latter, after organizing itself in Europe, has become the invader of the world, and has considered itself destined to rule, as did each of the previous races during their time of power. It is clear that domination by the whites will also be temporary, but their mission is to serve as a bridge. The white race has brought the world to a state in which all human types and cultures will be able to fuse with each other. The civilization developed and organized in our times by the whites has set the moral and material basis for the union of all men into a fifth universal race, the fruit of all the previous ones and amelioration of everything past (9)†¦ The Yankees will end up building the last great empire of a single race, the final empire of White supremacy†¦ What is going to emerge out there is the definitive race, the synthetical race, the integral race, made up of the genius and the blood of all peoples (20)†¦ We in America shall arrive, before any other part of the world, at the creation of a new race fashioned out of the treasures of all the previous ones: The final race, the cosmic race (40). Mary Coffrey explains that Vasconcelos â€Å"elevated racial miscegenation to a transcendent eugenic principle† (Coffrey 46). By converting racial impurity from a â€Å"sign of shame into one of pride† Vasconcelos â€Å"attacked the colonial legacy of inferiority attributed to miscegenated populations† (46). The colonial hierarchy of subjugator and subjugated arises from racial differentiation, which will end with the cosmic race because it will be the race â€Å"in which all other races disappear† (Jaà ©n xvi). La Grande Sauterelle is victim to the master-narrative of colonial history. She laments, â€Å"I’m not even a real Indian† and â€Å"she began again to say that she was neither Indian nor white, but something in between and that, in the end, she was nothing at all,† believing the traditional white supremacist vision of the degradation of an impure race (Poulin 169). But Jack echoes the revolutionary sentiments of Vasconcelos, saying, â€Å"You say that you’re ‘something in between’†¦ Well, I don’t agree with you at all. I think you’re something new, something that’s beginning. You’re something that has never been seen before. And that’s it† (169). He articulates a revolutionary hopefulness, a fusion that suggests a new world order much like Vasconcelos’ notions of a final cosmic race of mixed identity. Jack falls asleep thinking that La Grande Sauterelle was â€Å"an extraterrestrial† not rooted to the land and hence not tied to superficial territorial boundaries that separate nations and drive discrimination, conquest and suppression (170). That she has never had a house before the Volkswagen further emphasizes her transcendence of national boundaries that entrench colonial notions of dominance. The four racial figures in Rivera’s mural are furthermore all women but with androgynous features; Rivera thus undermines another element of the western historical master-narrative: patriarchal dominance. Critic George Derry harshly wrote, â€Å"Will the women of Detroit feel flattered when they realize that they are embodied in the female with the hard, masculine, unsexed face, ecstatically staring for hope and help across the panel to the languorous and grossly sensual Asiatic sister on the right† (Wolfe 349)? Derry encapsulates female stereotypes and implicitly articulates the male desire for women to be delicate, effeminate, subservient and modest. Critic Edmund Wilson furthers sexist discrimination, denouncing the workingwomen in the mural as â€Å"ranks of pale sexless virgins excising the glands of animals† thereby highlighting his patriarchal view of the inappropriateness of women in industry[3]. La Grande Sauterelle likewise challenges the patriarchal perspective of history. The persistence of a male dominated historical perspective first appears when La Grande Sauterelle stops at the grave of chief Thayendanegea. â€Å"Women in the Six Nations confederacy, of which the Mohawks were part† played an â€Å"important role† (Poulin 56-7) yet the name of Thayendanegea’s wife is absent from the cemetery: â€Å"her name was not indicated† (57). The female’s role in history is overpowered by her subservience to her male counterpart. However, La Grande Sauterelle, by wearing Jack’s clothes not only looks â€Å"exactly like a boy† (46), she also unravels traditional male ownership of females: Jack tells her â€Å"You’re free and you don’t belong to me† (91). She also takes the role of a man when she aggressively approaches Jack at the Continental Divide and speaks lines suggestive of sexual assault and mocks his ema sculation: â€Å"You could have said: WATCH OUT! or STOP! or NO! That doesn’t take long. Or you could have said HELP! Or MAMA!† (167). But while La Grande Sauterelle and Jack appear as victims of the historical tradition of a master-narrative, they also appear as perpetuators of this rationalized, totalizing mode of history, creating their own simplifications that disregard subaltern voices. While inside the Detroit Institute of Arts, they describe the Rivera mural as having an â€Å"overall effect [that] was one of heaviness, sadness and exhaustion† (65) yet as soon as they leave, they imagine a rationally contorted history: â€Å"They agreed that the red car was a symbol for happiness and that Rivera had wanted to express something every simple: happiness is rare and getting it requires a lot of trouble, fatigue and effort† (68-9). The red is most directly evocative of the Ford Hunger March carried out by the working class a month before Rivera’s arrival in Detroit. Five thousand unemployed autoworkers marched with red flags on the River Rouge plant that later served as the model factory for R ivera’s mural. Violence broke out when the Dearborn police force tried to halt the uprising. One observer said the â€Å"police went after them, wielding truncheons to turn them back, and the marchers retaliated with whatever lay to hand: rocks, lumps of slag, fence posts† (Lee 210). Hundreds were wounded and four workers died in the conflict. In the funeral march, the â€Å"coffins of the four were draped in red, the procession of fifteen thousand mourners wore red armbands or carried red flags, and the band played the ‘Internationale’ and the funeral march of the Russian revolutionaries† (210). Following the tradition of creating history as a master-narrative with heroes, goals, logical causality and deterministic ends, Jack and La Grande Sauterelle rationalize the tragic history of the workers and thereby disempower them by denying them the full magnitude of their suffering. The subjugation to a master-narrative of another revolutionary group historically disempowered occurs again in the song Le Temps des Cerises, which La Grande Sauterelle sings when she and Jack tire of country music on the road. Cherry time is the sentimental name of the Paris Commune, the short-lived democratic republic of the French working-class of 1871. The Tribue de Geneve explains the red use of cherry symbolism: â€Å"Les cerises à ©voquent diffà ©rentes choses. Dune part, elles rappellent, par leur couleur, le sang et le drapeau rouge, lià ©s entre autres à   la Commune, ce qui fait que la chanson demeure associà ©e à   lidà ©e de libertà ©, de solidarità ©, et de rà ©sistance face à   loppression.†[4] (Cherries evoke different things. On one hand, they recall by their color, blood and the red flag of the Commune, so that the song still remains associated with the idea of freedom, solidarity, and resistance against oppression.) But the reduction of the bloody memory, in which over 10,000 died in Paris, to a romantic song denies the Communards agency by oppressing them under a trivializing history[5]. Ultimately the resolution to the controversy over Rivera’s Detroit Industry murals reflects the acceptance of the postmodern pluralistic view of history over the traditional master-narrative. Opposition to the murals wanted them acid washed or torn down, but the contention subsided when Edsel Ford affirmed his approval of the provocative works: â€Å"I admire Rivera’s spirit. I really believe he was trying to express his idea of the spirit of Detroit.†[6] In expressing that Rivera’s work is reflective of an individual perspective of a moment in time separate and different from everyone else’s views and not at all reflective of his own, an American, or any other totalizing, correct perspective, Ford essentially propounds that history is subject to personal interpretation. He hence denies the authority of a singular grand objective history. La Grande Sauterelle manifests the same overthrow of master-narrative through an affirmation of pluralistic history. She expresses her engagement with pluralistic narratives in her judgment of books: You shouldn’t judge books one by one. I mean, you mustn’t see them as independent objects. A book is never complete in itself; to understand it you must put it in relation to other books, not just books by the same author, but also books written by other people. What we think is a book most of the time is only part of another, vaster book that a number of authors have collaborated on without knowing it. (Poulin 124-5) The book represents a microcosm of written history, so that her final statement can be read as â€Å"What we think is history most of the time is only part of another, vaster history that a number of rulers/authors/historians have collaborated on without knowing it.† History should furthermore never been seen as â€Å"complete in itself,† but sho uld stand â€Å"in relation to other† histories. The European explorers heroes of Jack are one and the same destroyers of La Grande Sauterelle’s past. History is subject to personal interpretation. There exists no one correct, all-encompassing historical truth. Just as Rivera’s murals challenged the master-narrative of white supremacist history through their depiction of racial miscegenation, reversed gender roles, and minority contribution, so too does La Grande Sauterelle shatter Jack’s recognition of history as a narrative of heroic, male white conquerors. Jack ultimately gives up his traditional vision of history, exclaiming, â€Å"Don’t talk to me about heroes!† (213) But even as La Grande Sauterelle and Jack recognize the plurality of perspectives in historical representation, Poulin portrays them as oblivious to their own trivialization of history into platitudes and popular songs. In the end, they are both creators and victims of the traditional vision of history as a master-narrative with purpose and direction even as they realize its fictionality. Works Cited: Coffey, Mary. The ‘Mexican Problem’: Nation and ‘Native’ in Mexican Muralism and Cultural Discourse.† The Social and the Real: political art of the 1930s in the western hemisphere. Ed. Anreus, Alejandro, Diana Linden, and Jonathan Weinberg. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006. 43-70. Print. Goodall, Alex. â€Å"The Battle of Detroit and Anti-Communism in the Depression Era.† The Historical Journal Jun. 2008: 457-480. American History and Life. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. â€Å"Jean-Francois Lyotard: Introduction to The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Idehist.uu.se. Uppsala Universitet. 5 Dec. 2009. . Le Temps des Cerises. Tdg.Ch. Tribune de Genà ©ve. 10 Nov. 2009. . Lee, Anthony. Workers and Painters: Social Realism and Race in Diego Rivera’s Detroit Murals. The Social and the Real: political art of the 1930s in the western hemisphere. Ed. Anreus, Alejandro, Diana Linden, and Jonathan Weinberg. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006. 201-220. Print. Pastan, Amy. Diego Rivera: the Detroit industry murals. London: Scala, 2006. Poulin, Jacques. Volkswagen Blues. Trans. Sheila Fischman. Toronto: Cormorant Books, 1988. Robert Tombs. The Paris Commune. History Review: 36. Questia. Web. 12 Nov. 2009. Roy, Bongartz. â€Å"Who was this Man: and why did he paint such terrible things about us?† American Heritage 1978: 14-29. American History and Life. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. Rubyan-Ling, Saronne. â€Å"The Detroit murals of Diego Rivera.† History Today Apr. 1996: 34-38. American History and Life. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. Vasconcelos, Josà ©. The Cosmic Race. Trans. Didier Jaà ©n. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. â€Å"Who Was This Man – and why did he paint such terrible things about us? Americanheritage.com. American Heritage. 30 Nov. 2009. . Writing against knowing, writing against certainty; or whats really under the veranda in Jacques Poulins Volkswagen Blues. Findarticles.com. BNET Today. 10 Nov. 2009. . [1] â€Å"Jean-Francois Lyotard: Introduction to The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Idehist.uu.se. Uppsala Universitet. 5 Dec. 2009. . [2] Ibid. [3] â€Å"Who Was This Man – and why did he paint such terrible things about us? Americanheritage.com. American Heritage. 30 Nov. 2009. . [4] Le Temps des Cerises. Tdg.Ch. Tribune de Genà ©ve. 10 Nov. 2009. . [5] Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune, History Review: 36, Questia, Web, 12 Nov. 2009. [6] â€Å"Who Was This Man – and why did he paint such terrible things about us? Americanheritage.com. American Heritage. 30 Nov. 2009. .

Publica Administration in the Age of Globalization in India

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA The aim of this paper is to acquaint the reader about the influence of globalisation on the Public Administration of India. But before I proceed I feel it is absolutely necessary to define the two terms-â€Å"Globalisation† and â€Å"Public Administration†. I will then discuss the changes that Globalisation has brought about on the Indian Public Administration. Globalisation is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Globalisation is an umbrella term and is perhaps best understood as a unitary process inclusive of many†¦show more content†¦The practices of traditional Public Administration are under increasing attack from neo-liberal economists and rational choice scholars who have provided the intellectual inputs to the politicians determined to reduced the state and scope of the public sector. As a result of Globalization, the national economies are gradually opening up. So as the economies lose their discrete, self-contained character they become harder for National control and management. Globalization in India began essentially in the year 1991 when the deficit in the balance of payments prompted India, under Prime Minister, P. V. Narasimha Rao and his Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh (currently the Prime Minister of India) to undertake a series of structural economic reforms as a part of the bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund. Since 1991, the context of administration has again been changing under the impact of the New Economic Policy. Concepts like globalisation, liberalisation, and privatisation have gained wide cur ¬rency that are indicative of more openness of government to international competition, deregulation and dismantling of a series of government controls, and downsizing of government by handing over selected activities to the private sector, and by encouraging the non-government organisations to work more and m ore in the social development sector, particularly in such

Surrogacy And The Adoption Of The Surrogate - 1648 Words

Q1) As a doctor how would you deconstruct the concept of surrogacy for our readers who may want to go in for the option? Please elucidate with two different types of surrogacy etc A1) Surrogacy is a process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby for someone else because of some problems involving the intended parents. The women who delivers is the gestational surrogate or carrier. The parents are called as â€Å"intended parents†. They are fully involved in the pregnancy, present at birth and become the child s parents after its birth. There are two types of surrogacy 1. Gestational surrogacy- The baby here is not genetically related to the surrogate. Eggs come from intended mother and sperm from intended father. Sometimes donor eggs,†¦show more content†¦When would you suggest a couple to opt for surrogacy? A2.) Surrogacy is an arrangement when a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for another couple who will become the newborn’s parents after birth of the baby. The couple is asked to opt for surrogacy if the patient does not have a uterus, she has problems in uterus, she is unable to carry pregnancy safely, pregnancy is medically impossible, serious medical condition that could be exacerbated by pregnancy or cause significant risk to fetus, biological inability to conceive( homosexual couple). It is also an option if the couple has had multiple failures in IVF. If the surrogate receives monetary compensation, it is called commercial surrogacy. If no payment is done except for medical reimbursement and basic pregnancy expenses, it is called as altruistic surrogacy. Q3) What kind of medical, emotional and legal/paperwork preparations that a couple requires to undergo before opting for surrogacy? A3) Decision to use surrogacy is very complicated and psychosocial education and counselling by a qualified mental health professional should be given to all intended parents. Genetic parents should undergo genetic evaluation, complete medical and physical evaluation. Before acceptance and within six months of creating the embryos to be transferred, genetic parents undergo the following tests and if found positive, the geneticShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Traditional And Gestational Surrogacy1212 Words   |  5 PagesSurrogates are defined as a â€Å"women who gestates a fetus for others, usually for a couple or another woman.†(Vaughn, 398) Surrogates have a few types of surrogacy, which are traditional and gestational surrogacy. Traditional surrogacy is defined as the â€Å"sperm from either the couple’s male partner or a donor is used to artificially inseminate the surrogate (the â€Å"surrogate mother†). (Vaughn, 398) Then there is Gestational surrogacy, which is defined as â€Å"the surrogate receives a transferred embryo createdRead MoreSurrogate Mothers : The Topic Of Many Controversies1075 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalez Mr.Kegley Health Science- 6th period September 23rd, 2015 Surrogate Mothers Surrogate mothers have been the topic of many controversies, regarding how ethical it is. As many know surrogate mothers are women who bear a child for another woman (Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers, 2196-2204). There has been many sides to this argument, deciding whether it was ethical or unethical. Some people have chosenRead MoreModern Surrogacy: Choosing between Traditional or Gestational1193 Words   |  5 Pagesand Sarah have a child by Sarah’s maidservant Hagar (NIV Genesis 16:1-4). So surrogacy in its most basic form—a woman birthing a child for another person of couple—is not a new concept. However, it is prohibited or void and unenforceable in five states. What is it about modern surrogacy that do people not like? What even is modern surrogacy? There are two types of surrogacy: traditional and gestational. Traditional surrogacy is a contractual situation in which a woman becomes impregnated, by artificialRead MoreEssay Reproduc tive Techniques: In Vitro Fertilization1197 Words   |  5 Pagesand gestational surrogacy have sparked new interests to women who do not have the ability to reproduce on their own. Legal, moral and ethical issues have been raised about these advanced methods of reprodution used to substitute natural conception and birth. These advanced techniques raise issues concerning the rights and parenthood. What does occur in the process of sperm donation? What happens when a surrogate mother refuses to give the child? What are the motives of the surrogate mother and whyRead MoreSurrogate Motherhood940 Words   |  4 PagesIn the past adoption was the only alternative for infertile women who wished to have children. Advances in technology however have created new options for women who have a defective uterus or defective ovaries. Two alternatives that are gaining popularity are straight surrogacy and host surrogacy. In straight surrogacy, or traditional surrogacy, the surrogate mother is impregnated with the sperm of the intended father by way of artificial insemination. In these cases, the surrogate mother notRead More Surrogate Motherhood Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages Surrogate Motherhood: Good or Bad? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many controversies surrounding the idea of surrogate motherhood, by its definition, it is a course of action that goes outside natural reproduction. Although surrogacy was first brought up in the bible it is only until recently that it has actually become an issue for criticism and debate. Factors such as the growth of infertility in modern society, coupled with the declining number of children available for adoption, andRead MoreThe Legal Responsibilities Of Surrogacy868 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is surrogacy? The definition of surrogacy is: The process of giving birth as a surrogate mother or of arranging for another women to carry and give birth to a baby for you/ a couple who want to have a child. There is a contract that should be drawn up stating the legal responsibilities of the surrogate and the specifics as to when the child is born if the surrogate will have any visitation rights or if they will relinquish all legal parental rights over the child. Issue Surrogacy is becomingRead MoreShould Surrogacy Be Legal?1712 Words   |  7 Pages through medical intervention, surrogacy has become a viable alternative. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Surrogacy as the practice by which a woman (referred to as a surrogate mother) becomes pregnant and gives birth to a baby in order to give it to someone who cannot have children (Merriam 1). This lucrative option can be a great tool for family building, but not every part of the world views surrogacy as a lawful practice. In countries where surrogacy is not legal, people often lookRead More surrogate mothers Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pages A Surrogate Mother is defined as â€Å"an adult woman who enters into an agreement to bear a child conceived through assisted conception for intended parents.† The couple is usually referred to as intended parents who enter into an agreement providing that they will be the parents of a child born to a surrogate through assisted conception, using an egg or sperm of at least one parent. 1 RIGHT - Surrogate motherhood is a right entitled to those who are ready and able to take on the responsibility ofRead MoreLife Can Bring On Wild Challenges Day After Day886 Words   |  4 Pagesto get pregnant. Because of this I may have to settle on two options, adoption or surrogacy. This paper will look at the pros and cons for both, maybe helping me figure out what may be the best path in the future. â€Å"There are 423,773 children in the U.S. foster care system; 114,556 of these children are available for adoption† (Thomas). Growing up, being in high school, I never thought about adoption. Now that I am older adoption is definitely an option in my eyes. There are so many loving children

Motet Music Essay Example For Students

Motet Music Essay The genesis of the motet is, like the biblical birth of Eve, a matter of appendage. In the case of Eve, a rib was removed from Adam and fashioned into a women; the motet was a rib added to pre-existing clausulae. James C. Thomson describes this development as follows: In the thirteenth century, perhaps sooner, it became the practice to add a new text to the upper voice of a clausula. The newly worded, was then called motetus. (Thomson, 56) Despite its somewhat haphazard birth, the form was widely accepted. Grout describes its popularity as: Thousands of motets were written in the thirteenth century; the style spread from Paris throughout France and to all parts of western Europe. (Grout, 99)Originality was not a hallmark of the thirteenth century motet. In fact, of the two essential characteristics of the motet, one was that it was constructed on a cantus firmus, some pre-existent melody (Thomson, 57) The other was that it had at least two different texts. As Grout points out, the st ock of motet melodies, both tenors and upper parts, lay in the public domain; composers and performers freely helped themselves to the music of their predecessors without acknowledgment and altered it without notice. (Grout, 99)A unique characteristic of the motet of this period is the mixing of melodies and rhythms. Alfred Einstein described this technique as: This may be called polymelody, the compulsory combination of the two or more distinct melodies with different rhythms (Einstein, 26) With the acceptance of such combinations came the development of stranger mixtures. Side by side with a sacred liturgical text appeared secular texts of sometimes outrageous contrast. The mixture of sacred and secular text was a result of the fact that less and less notice was taken of the connection between the texts of the tenor and duplum. Einstein theorized this development was arbitrary, however most belief the music is premised on an, internal perception (Bukofzer, 28) and to the musician, to them a detail was a value in itself. (Mathiassen, 70)The motet blended the different planes of music. An additional development in the technique of mixing and adding is that not only was it polyphonic, polyrythmic, and polytextual, but music was now polyglot: one or more vernacular (French) texts might be substituted for Latin ones. (Thomson, 57)During this time, composers of the Notre Dame School concerned themselves with the development of clausulae in rhythmically identical patterns. (Harman, 53) Harman writes: This was not only the culmination of the Notre Dame preoccupation with rhythm, but was also a very important innovation, because it eventually developed into the chief structural device of the fourteenth century motet. (Harman, 53)The structural device alluded to above, goes under name of isorhythm, (same rhythm). At first, this concept of single rhythm was applied solely to the tenor part, but gradually the principle was applied to the other parts. Creating a greater unity and sense of whole to the listener. Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361) was a master of the isorythmic motet. (Thomson, 59) It was he who pioneered the application of the principle to the other parts. He and Guillaume de Machaut (c.1300-c.1377), whose claim that the ear should be used to check a completed composition was the first indication that the combination of the given melodies was beginning to yield to a freer, more individual attitude towards creative art. (Einstein, 34) Machaut was the most prominent practitioner of the strophic motet and preferred the use of French text. (Saide, 625) The fourteenth century also witnessed a change in attitude toward text. The polytextual thirteenth-century motet was replaced by the fourteenth-century forms, which typically had a single text, treated either as a solo (the French ballad) or distributed between the voices in such a way as to keep the words always clearly understandable. (Grout, 157)The development of the motet from the thirtee nth to the fifteenth centuries can be characterized as a gradual turning away from the abstract, nonsensuous principles of construction toward pleasure of sounds for their own sake, and toward a clarity of structure immediately apparent from the music itself, without reference to esoteric meanings. (Grout, 157) Many of the motets written during the fourteenth century were constructed in a fashion that has come to be called isoperiodic. In these the phrases were normally kept at the same length but were laid out so as to produce overlaps between the various voices. (Saide, 625) Up until the fifteenth century, the principle of cantus firmus, or pre-existent melody use, was rigidly adhered to. Womens Liberation Movement EssayTomas Luis de Victoria, a contemporary of Palestrina, was a more subjective composer of the motet. Though his style is like that of Palestrina, Victoria infuses his music with a mystical intensity, a quality which makes it both thoroughly personal and typically Spanish.(Grout, 273)Orlando di Lasso, another great contemporary of Palestrina, composed in a deeply personal tone. In his motets both the over-all form and the details are generated from a pictorial, dramatic approach to the text.(Grout, 274) Lassos In Hora Ultima demonstrates this approach in the abrupt musical depictions of those worldly vanities(Grout, 274)William Byrd, an English contemporary of Palestrina, is noted for his perfection of the imitative techniques of the Continent and, in contrast to Palestrina, his more intimate, subjective language.(Grout, 276)With the end of the sixteenth century, music history ushers in the baroque period. The three hundred year development of the all i mportant motet has laid the foundation of music for the great composers which would follow. The motet is called one of the most important music styles in history and its contributions have been limitless to our music history. Music Essays

Seligram case solution free essay sample

The Seligram, INC. should consider consultant’s three-overhead-pool system. Though cost of five components are not necessary lower than costs of traditional system, multiple cost pool have clearly reflect additional cost driver in ETO. Two out of five components, as indicated in the chart, CADACITOR and AMPLIFIER, showed reduction in the overall costs. Also, further splits in overhead costs, Main Room and Mechanical overheads, decreased 67% of overhead cost of Cadacitor and 4% of overhead of Amplifier from costs of traditional approach. Such reductions suggest that cost pools have appropriately traced to each testing activities. Yet, the company can mix cost pools to improve costing analysis. Two components, ICA and ICB, show that they consume the most labor hours in both testing rooms. In reality, cost analysis based on consult’s assessment, both costs increased 19% and 20% of the traditional costing system. Both components illustrated labor intensive nature; however, the multiple cost pools failed to reflect their illustrated nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Seligram case solution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The overhead costs allocated to direct labor costs have proved to be the ideal cost analysis. In short, illustrated nature of activities may not necessarily match the assuming cost pools in these components. Q5 The new machine should consider as a separate cost center. The ETO is investing a huge amount of money for one or two customers. The existing cost system transfers cost on other customers and increase the price, and drive them away. This is unfair. We can see it clearly in the appendix. In table1, the new machine drives the machine rate much higher. In table2, the new machine rate dramatically varies in the first three years. It is unreasonable to simply add this burden to the exist burden, this can be shown on table2 (column Total new main room rate). Since the direct labor of new machine is more expensive, we can add this to the new hour rate. This can make the new cost center easy to calculate. Given that the machine hour and burden of the main room and the mech. Room will not change in 8 years, we should use an integrated rate contained three parts in new machine cost pool. a) The sum of depreciation, engineering requirement, and fixed part of the estimated OH divided by the machine utilization hour, b) variable part of the estimated OH divided by the machine utilization hour c) DL cost per hour.

Population Growth 1750-1830 essays

Population Growth 1750-1830 essays In this essay we are going to consider the population growth from 1750-1830. The basis for the material is taken from the "Macmillan Series, Mastering Economic and Social History" written by David Taylor. In his book, Taylor gives several reasons as to why the population increased between 1750-1830. He argues that the practice of living-in disappeared, there was a decline in apprenticeships, and the speenhamland allowance encouraged large families. He also concluded that the general well-being of the people improved though diet. There's no one explanation as to why this happened, or one history. It may have been the fall in the death rate and the increase in the birth rate. Up to the nineteenth century no official census had taken place. In 1086 the Doomsday book placed the population at about 3.5 million. Attempts were made at counting the population in the seventeenth century by Gregory King a civil servant. Nevertheless, it proved unreliable and was more or less a guesstimate basing his figures on hearth-tax returns and parish records. Taylor states concerning Gregory Kip^i M(ie estimated the number of people living in a house and gradually built up a cumulative total of people of the whole country - the figure he arrived at was 5.2 million". The first official census was taken in 1801 and has been conducted every ten years apart from 1941. The population was low before 1750 owing to a number of factors. "Between 1520 and the end of the seventeenth century the population of England and Wales seemed to have risen from about 2.5 million to about 5.2 million. This contrasts with the fact that the population had risen hardly at all since the Black Deat h, and from 1650 to 1750 it rose only by a further million. Interrupted by bad harvests, with or with out outbreaks of plague, influenza, smallpox and dysentery in 1550s, 1580s, 1590, and 1630s". (A new History of England 410-1975) The bubonic plague of 1665 also took its toll on the po...

Critically analyze laws of comparative advantage Essay

Critically analyze laws of comparative advantage - Essay Example The theory of comparative advantage formulated by English economist David Ricardo in the early nineteenth century1. Ricardo encouraged each country to specialize in producing commodities for which it is best suited and then trade with other countries to obtain a wide variety of goods. The increased efficiency of production within each country makes greater worldwide consumption possible. This theory suggests that all nations have an interest in opposing restraints on trade. If less developed countries (LDCs) remain isolated and closed to foreign trade and investment, they lose opportunities to benefit from the technology, capital, and consumer goods offered by industrialized nations (Barry Clark, 1998). The theory of comparative advantage, of course, argues that unrestricted exchange between countries will increase the total amount of world output if each country tends to specialize in those goods that it can produce at a relatively lower cost compared to potential trading partners. Each country then will trade some of those lower-cost goods with other nations for goods that can be produced elsewhere more cheaply than at home. At the end of the day, with free trade among nations, all countries will find that their consumption possibilities lie outside their domestic production possibilities. The basic theory assumes that all the factors of production are... Further, it is assumed that perfect competition, and not monopoly production prevails and that all resources in each country are fully employed. The last is an especially important assumption, particularly for less-developed nations, since with less-than-fully employed resources, tariffs or other forms of protection (including subsidies) to block imports and to increase domestic employment could well be the preferred policy. With less-than-fully employed resources, the key allocative issue becomes an internal mobilization of domestic resources to their full use, rather than a reallocation among alternative uses. To be reasonably confident in applying the basic Ricardian analysis and its conclusions to any country or situation, it seems sensible, in practice, to inquire to what degree the assumptions of the theory conform to the reality of the economy under investigation. (James M. Cypher, James L. Dietz, 1998) While these are important considerations having to do with the validity of assumptions in practice, there are other concerns about a blanket endorsement of the comparative advantage argument and free trade recommendations for less-developed nations. Joan Robinson's comment on the real-time effect of following free trade and specialization, at least as far as Portugal was concerned in Ricardo's original example, remains provocative and presages our reformulation. (James M. Cypher, James L. Dietz, 1998) . . The imposition of free trade on Portugal killed off a promising textile industry and left her with a slow-growing export market for wine, while for England, exports of cotton cloth led to accumulation, mechanization and the whole

The Suicide of Willy Loman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Suicide of Willy Loman - Research Paper Example As an elderly male, he fits into a category that has a lot of suicidal cases. Willy reveals that he has lost his purpose and has placed his hopes on his sons, meaning his life should be ended so that the insurance money gives them a chance. Willy Loman takes his life because he is depressed, he has lost his job and his hope for his own future, and believes that in ending his life he is giving his sons a future through the life insurance company. According to Cafferty and Lerner, â€Å"When we meet Willy at the beginning of the play, he is worn-out, sad, and confused† (90). Willy has gone through a series of events that have made him feel like he is out of options. He has always seen his life as it should have been, rather than as it has been, and regrets what he could not accomplish, while also blaming everyone else for the reasons that he never achieved what he felt he should have achieved. It seems that Willy has always been sad and frustrated. He envies others and is never happy with his own life. Something as simple as the refrigerator that his neighbor owns brings him a great deal of unhappiness, as he feels his own one does not equal that level of quality he expects. He says, â€Å"I told you we should’ve bought a well-advertised machine. Charley bought a General Electric and it’s twenty years old, and it’s still good, that son of a bitch† (Miller 56-57). ... Biff says, â€Å"I’m thirty-four years old, I oughta be makin’ my future. That’s when I come running home. And now, I get here and I don’t know what to do with myself. [after a pause] I’ve always made a point of not wasting my life, and every time I come back here I know that all I’ve done is waste my life† (Miller and Sterling 52). Cafferty and Lerner state that â€Å"The sons, Biff and Happy, inherit their fathers worst qualities, the various tensions between them leave plenty of scope for all sorts of analysis†, which is evident in this statement by Biff. Biff cannot be satisfied by his work because he reflects the expectations that Loman has about making money (82). Because Biff witnessed his father having an affair while he was still in high school, the way he idolized his father was shattered, leaving him adrift in the world and picking up on the worst of Willy’s sense of failure. According to Gale, â€Å"The betra yal resonated with Biff his whole life and created a sense of distrust between father and son†. This distrust deflated Biff’s sense of self, as he had framed his life through Willy’s beliefs. When he saw his father as imperfect, those beliefs dissolved. He became the part of Willy that could not find the key to success. Willy has aged past his dreams now, his depression is a common problem amongst older adults, as he has past the point of being able to chase most of his dreams. He now looks towards his sons to carry on his hopes. By killing himself, he believes to support their futures. Scogin states that â€Å"Older adults have the highest rates of suicide of any age group, and this is particularly pronounced among men". Willy represents some of the reasons for the sense of

Nature vs. Nurture Essay Example for Free

Nature vs. Nurture Essay A lot of people wonder where they get their freckles from, or their edgy and thrill seeking personality. This type of curiosity about where people get their traits from brings about the worldwide debate on nature vs. nurture. There are scientists who argue that people develop characteristics mainly based on their genetic makeup, and then their are people who say that environment and social interactions has more to do with a person’s traits than do genes. People often question why people are the way they are. Nature and Nurture often have a big impact on a person, and can help in explaining why they are a certain way. The nature vs. nurture debate encompasses a variety of major topics, leading to the idea that both nature and nurture influences people in their behaviors and decisions. Criminals go through different reasoning processes for why they commit a crime. They may have been brought up in a rough environment and are acting out, or because they simply just can not control themselves or their minds. There is evidence which suggests that there could be such a thing as gene mutations that determine our traits. These mutations control how the mind and body react to anger , whether it’s aggressively or controlled. According to Adriel Bettelheim, â€Å"researchers studying a dysfunctional Dutch family announced in 1993 that aggressive behavior may be linked to a single faulty gene that causes a shortage of enzymes needed to break down serotonin molecules that transmit signals in the brain.† This idea that criminal behavior may be associated with genetics, opens the doors to many controversial topics such as the insanity defense or the possibility of gene therapy. â€Å"For many centuries, people have tried to craft legal distinctions for the mentall y ill based on the belief that they should not be held fully responsible for their actions† (). The insanity defense is believed to often be abused and is the easy way out for guilty criminals to be held accountable. There are also people who support the insanity defense and say that the law needs to protect people who are too mentally ill to understand their actions. For some criminals, it’s not just a matter of their genes but more their environment that contributes to why they commit crimes. â€Å"Many social scientists say researchers, in a rush to ‘biologize’ behavior, are ignoring environmental influences, such as poverty, broken families and  racism† (). A lot of times the reason why criminals get in trouble with the law, is because they are acting out. Being aggressive or going against authority is like their coping strategy for dealing with their problems. †The frequency and nature of todays violence can only point toward an inherent anger or frustration† (). Ultimately, both nature and nurture can affect criminals and people ma y never be able to fully understand what exactly leads them to make bad choices. In addition to criminal behavior, there are also many other controversial topics regarding nature vs. nurture, such as intelligence and what contributes to peoples intellectual ability. â€Å"Mental ability seems closely related to the volume of those little gray cells in the brain; and differences in that volume seem to be largely a result of heredity†().Scientists are finding that intelligence goes along with the amount of brain cells (gray cells) towards the front of the brain which can be inherited through the family. There is evidence which suggests that if a person does really well with one mental task, they are more than likely to do really well on other mental tests as well. This concept is considered the general mental ability which is associated with those gray cells. Although intelligence is found as being directly associated with the brain cells, many people believe that intelligence is also based on a person’s environment and how they learn. For a lot of people intellectual ability is not purely genetic. Their intelligence can have a lot to do with how they were brought up or their environment in which they learned. Someone who goes to school regularly will probably have a higher intelligence level, versus someone who doesn’t. How people start off learning is also important because often times, if a child is intellectually stimulated at earlier ages, their brain will mature as the child gets older and that child will have a higher intellectual ability because they started learning sooner. IQ testing is a very controversial topic because many people disagree over whether or not it is a good judge of a persons actual intelligence. â€Å"The rift between psychologists over the value of IQ tests stems from a stark difference in the w ay they define intelligence: One camp sees a central, dominant intelligence, the other envisions multiple types of intelligence† (). Although scientists have not found hard evidence to prove that IQ tests are  not liable, social scientists continue to go against certain theories, such as the idea of general mental ability. They choose to believe and promote that there are different kinds of intelligence and everyone excels in different areas regardless of genetics. While genetics does play a role in intelligence, if a person works hard in achieving their goals they can become just as intelligent through challenging themselves and excelling in certain areas. The worldwide debate on nature vs. nurture also encompasses addiction. In a study about drug addictions researchers found, â€Å"the correlations with psychoactive substance use largely resulted from social environmental factors in adolescence† (). Family environments are important to young children and can have a huge affect on them as they get older. An unstable family life can cause people to resort to drugs or alcohol to help them deal with their emotions. If a child has social issues with their friends when they are young, that can affect them as well and cause them to resort to substance abuse to deal with their problems. â€Å"As people aged, however, more of the correlation in psychoactive substance use resulted from genetic factors†(). As substances such as alcohol are more readily available to adults, genetics can influence them more and also their decisions. If there is a history of substance abuse in the family, that person is more likely to become addicted in their lifetime. In the 1920’s, â€Å"Alcohol prohibition lead to a rise in violent organized crime, a trend critics have compared to the ongoing war on drugs(). Because so many citizens used alcohol and a lot of them apparently became dependent on it, they felt they had rights to it; so they organized a violent crime movement to prove that. People who were involved in this war with drugs were not just the poor or downtrodden, but also the middle class and the wealthy. Addiction has no boundaries, and can affect anyone whether it is through nature or nurture. Nature vs nurture will always be a major dispute over genes and environment, but ultimately they both have an impact on people. The reasoning behind criminal behavior is often questioned. Evidence that suggests there are gene mutations, which contribute to aggressive behavior, argues that nature can have a major role in criminal behavior, just like nature affects criminals  actions. In addition to criminal behavior, another worldwide topic discussed in the nature vs nurture debate is intelligence. Like mentioned earlier, intelligence is thought to be determined by genes and general mental ability; but there are social scientists who believe that there are many different types of intelligence, determined by environment and not just genetic make up. Addiction is another controversial subject because addiction can run in families but it also can happen to someone who had no history of it. Addiction also is very much related to a persons environment and how they deal with their problems. For those who wonder where they get their intelligence and edgy personality, or more seriously why they feel aggressive, or become addicted to drugs, think about nature and nurture , which contribute to peoples personality and traits.

Essay --

Smithsonian Digital Libraries provided various materials for its user which are Databases, Exhibitions and Collections. These materials are very useful to researchers as it provide accurate and reliable information. Besides that, it also provides the collection of online books range from Art, History and Culture. Database is a collection of data to search materials easily. Smithsonian Digital Libraries provides databases such as Taxonomic Literature II which are a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. In addition, other available database is Smithsonian Research Online that itemized a set of services to the research community both within and outside the Smithsonian Institution. Other examples of databases available are listed as below. †¢ Example of Databases in Smithsonian Digital Libraries: o Taxonomic Literature II o Smithsonian Research Online o Index Animalium o Trade Literature Through exhibitions in Smithsonian Digital Libraries enable users to explore the rich variety of topics, images and materials featured in online exhibition. On the other hand, the current exhibition allows users to view the display of the latest exhibitions as the date and location are being stated. Besides that, National Museum of American History curators created the panel to offer users with reproductions of the world’s greatest pieces such as illustrations from rare books and document from the travelling exhibition column. †¢ Examples of Exhibitions in Smithsonian Digital Libraries: o Online Exhibition o Current Exhibition o Travelling Exhibition o Library and Archival Exhibitions on the Web Smithsonian Digital Libraries range from various type of collection. One of the collections is Caldwe... ...for its users. For educational purposes, user can easily access through the three main type of collection that have been provided. Researchers and scientist are being supply with current periodicals and professional society publications. In addition, with the existence of online books, user will acquire the same information as the printed book. On the other hand, user can also view the exhibition on interesting topic as Smithsonian Digital Libraries offers various type of exhibition such as online and travel exhibition. There are no broken links in this digital library. †¢ Link All the listed hyperlinks in Smithsonian Digital Libraries are well-functioning as it takes user to the accurate information. The link contains in this library were involve only internal link. For example, if user clicks on either one of the link, the tab will be open through the same page.

Accounting Estimates and Policy Essay

Disclosure of significant sources of estimation uncertainty and judgments in applying accounting policies are two important requirements in financial reporting, although these are the most subjective and complex areas, they are of significance in making business decisions to users of financial statements. This paper compares our company’s current accounting practice with the requirements in respective accounting standards in relation to disclosure of sources of estimation uncertainty and judgments in applying accounting policies with the aim the identify any gaps between these two which may trigger ASIC’ reviewers attention. It takes a look first at the requirements in respective accounting standards (Chapter 2). It then examine the current accounting practices in our company (Chapter 3 and 4) and identify the gaps between company’s practice and accounting standard (Chapter 5). At the end recommendations are made for a better-compliant report (Chapter 6). Requirements in accounting standards The disclosure of significant sources of estimation uncertainty and judgments in applying accounting policies should be disclosed separately in the financial reports. Not only the nature of estimates should be disclosed but also the sensitivity analysis to these estimates should be included. Judgments in terms of whether the nature and the amounts are relevant to the company’s operation are critical in applying the respective accounting policies. See more:Â  Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay Company’s accounting practices Estimations disclosed are impairments for intangible goods, provision for restoration and rehabilitation, employee benefits, estimation of useful lives of assets and ore reserve and revaluation estimates. judgments in applying accounting polices are disclosed in two areas which are depreciation of non-financial tangible goods and taxations. Identifying the gaps Our company prepared the financial statements in compliance to Australian Accounting Standard. However there are minor gaps between our company’s practice and the requirements in accounting standards in terms of content and manner. More significant disclosure could have been made the structure can be improved. Conclusion and recommendations Disclosures about timing in revenue recognition, classification of finance leases and operating leases and going concern could have been included, since they are relevant to our company’s operating and can better assist users in evaluating our company’s performance. The disclosure of estimates and judgments should be disclosed in separate notes since it is required by AASB 101. 1 Introduction ASIC announced recently that one of its focusing area would be the disclosure of entities’ estimates and accounting policy judgements.This is because some entities did not make material disclosure of sources of estimation uncertainty and significant judgments in applying accounting policies, while these disclosures, though subjective and complex, are critical factors in business decision-making. The purpose of this report is to identify any gaps between our company’s current accounting practice and the requirements of accounting standards by firstly looking at the requirements set out in the related accounting standard, then to carry out an examination of the current accounting practice of our company accordingly. The report will then compare the information collected and identify any compliance with or deviation from AASB requirements in regards to disclosure in estimates and accounting policy judgments, and discuss recommendations for a better compliance report to meet the satisfaction of ASIC reviewers. 2 Requirements in respective accounting standards AASB 101 paragraph 112-133 specifically state the requirements for material disclosures of sources of estimation uncertainty and the significant judgments used in applying accounting policies. 2.1 Requirements for disclosures of sources of estimation uncertainty According to AASB 101 paragraph 125-129 which relate to disclosure of sources of estimation uncertainty. entities are required to disclose estimates at the reporting date that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year (AU AASB 101.125). for these assets and liabilities, details of their nature and their carrying amount at the end of reporting period are required. To determine the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, estimations for the effect of future events are needed. for example, when the recent market value is absent, future-oriented estimates are of necessity in measuring recoverable amount of property, plant and equipment. Other examples can be long term employee benefits, or provision liability which subject to future results of legal events. The manner of the disclosures should be in a way that can assist users of the financial statements to comprehend the judgments that managements makes about the future and other sources of estimation uncertainty, usually users will expect to have the nature of the assumptions or other estimation uncertainty and the extent of sensitivity disclosures provided for the estimates. However, in some cases when the extent of possible effects the sources of estimation uncertainty at end of reporting period become impracticable, the entity should state that a material adjustment to the carrying amount of the asset or liability may be required if the outcomes within the next financial period are different from the assumption. 2.2 Requirements for disclosure of judgments in applying accounting policies According to AASB 101 paragraph 117-124, requirements for disclosure about judgments used in applying accounting policies are set out. ‘Judgments’ are defined as ‘apart from those involving estimations, that management has made in process of applying the entity’s accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statement (AU AASB 101.122). Two important elements to be disclosed are judgments about the measurement basis used in preparing financial statements and the other accounting policies. Judgments in terms of the relevance in applying a particular accounting policies should be exerted since management needs to consider whether the disclosure would assist users in understanding the financial position and performance of the company. it is noted that not only AASB 101, but other accounting standards such as AASB 116 (disclosur e of the measurement bases used for classes of property, plant and equipment) also states the requirements for judgments. what should be taken into account when applying a particular accounting policy are the nature of the entity’s operations and the policies that users of financial statements would expect to look at. for example, users would expect a manufacturing company to disclose its accounting policies for depreciation and revaluation on property, plant and equipment. or, users concerning about the entity’s income taxes would expect the entity to disclose information on accounting policies for income taxes, including deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets. it may be the case that even the amount for certain assets and liabilities are not material, but because it is highly relevant to the entity’s operation, then professional judgments are needed when applying the accounting policies. 3 Company’s current accounting practice—Resources of estimation uncertainty The disclosures of significant accounting estimates and assumptions are examined in note 2 to the financial statement, there are seven estimations made for the financial reports, the ones that deserve attention to are impairment of goodwill and intangibles with indefinite useful lives, provision for restoration and rehabilitation, employee benefits, estimation of useful lives of assets and ore reserve and resource estimates. 3.1 Impairment of good will and intangibles with indefinite useful lives detailed disclosure about the assumptions and estimates used in calculating the impairment value are * Discount rate: it requires management’s estimate of the time value of money, in the financial report, weighted average cost of capital of the entity and business risk specific to the unit are accounted for the calculation. * Market conditions: management made assumptions on key domestic market segment activity including construction, mining, agriculture and manufacturing, and also assumptions on GDP, CPI as well as long-term exchange rates for AUD/USD and NZD and made sure they are consistent with external information. * Sensitivity to changes in assumptions: management considered that the carrying amount of the CGUs would not exceed their recoverable amount given any changes from the above assumptions. 3.2 Provision for restoration and rehabilitation the provisions include future cost estimates in relation to dismantling, closure and decontamination of various site, and the calculation for these requires assumptions on application of environmental legislation, available technologies and consultant cost estimates. Since these factors are subject to changes in the future, updates need to be made periodically. in Note 18, three main categories are provision for restoration and rehabilitation, provision for legal customer claims(legal fees) and provision for restructuring. 3.3 Employee benefit employment benefit such as long service leave would require estimation on future salary, discount rate and the years that the employee may work for our company. Other actuarial assumptions are applied when calculating defined benefit plans for employees. 3.4 Estimation of useful lives of assets basing on historical experience, management made the estimation of the useful lives of assets .The condition of the assets is assessed at least annually and considered against the remaining useful life, adjustments are made accordingly. 3.5 Ore reserve and resources estimates This is the estimation of the amount that can be extracted economically and legally from the entity’s mining properties, the calculation is based on the geological judgments and other factors such as foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and the size and grade of the ore body. 4 Company’s current accounting practice—judgments in applying accounting policies Judgments in applying accounting policies were disclosed in Note 2 under ‘Significant accounting estimates and judgments’. Two significant accounting judgments are identified in Note 2, being ‘impairment of non-financial assets other than goodwill and intangibles with indefinite useful lives’, and ‘Taxation’. 4.1 Impairment of non-financial tangible assets Our company take into account the relevant factors, such as business performance, technology, economic and political environments and future business expectations when assesses the impairment of all assets. management decides that the recoverable amount of the asset is determined if an impairment indicator exists. for the financial period ended 30 June 2012, management regarded that the indicators of impairment were significant enough so that assets have gone through impairment tests and recoverable amounts were determined. 4.2 Taxation Our company is subject to income taxes in Australia and jurisdiction where foreign operations apply. While ultimate tax on transactions and calculations are uncertain, judgments is required in assessing whether deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recognized on the balance sheet and the application of certain income tax legislation. Because there is risk and uncertainty involved in making judgments, there is a possibility that the amount of tax assets and liabilities recognized on the balance sheet would be impacted if there are changes in future circumstances, resulting in a change to income statement. Judgment is also exerted when determining whether deferred tax assets should be recognized, and it is based on that highly considerable likeliness that the tax losses can be recovered by sufficient future taxable profits. 5 Comparisons between company’s current accounting practices and accounting standard requirements It is important that our disclosures are in compliance with the requirements in Australian Accounting Standard Board. After the explanation of AASB101 and the examination of the note to our financial statements, the following points should deserve attention from the board: 5.1 Disclosure compliance Our financial statements disclose and only disclose the critical judgments about the application of accounting policies, and major sources of estimation uncertainty inherent in assets and liabilities, the information provided is appropriately tailored to our company’s circumstances, for example, our company is subject to income taxes, therefore the policies of calculation of income taxes, recognition of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are disclosed in note 1 to the financial statements. Since we are material company, ore reserve is highly relevant to our operating activity, therefore the estimation for ore reserve is disclosed in note 2 listing the factors we took into account when preparing the financial statements. 5.2 Content of disclosure the potential gap between our company’s current practice and accounting standard is that some other disclosures about judgments can be included in the notes, such as the judgments in the classification of leases as finance or operating. Although this figure is not material as shown in the financial statements, leased assets are relevant to our operating activity and should be included. 4.3 Manner of disclosure Another gap is that in AASB 101 critical judgments and major sources of estimation uncertainty should be considered separate categories, in our company’s note to financial statement, these two items are placed under the same note 2. 6 Conclusion and recommendation After the comparison between our company’s current accounting practice and the requirements in accounting standard, to better satisfy the ASIC reviewers, the following points can be noted when preparing for the financial statements: 6.1 Improvement in contents we can included some other judgments we used in applying the accounting policies, such as the classification of assets ( whether a non-financial asset held of sale, or class of financial asset), classification of leases as operating or financial leases, and going concern judgments. The lease assets amount might not be as material as others, but these are relevant to material company like us and therefore the judgment involving in choosing the accounting policies should be disclosed, and so does going concern, it is believed that the reasonable disclosures of management’s judgment on going concern can assist users in making financial decision. 6.2 Improvement in structure Critical judgments should be separately identified from the estimation uncertainties, and should be disclosed in separate notes. This is because in AASB 101 it makes clear distinction between judgments and estimations. Not only the content but also the structure and manner of presentation are critical in achieving true and fair disclosures.

An Introduction to Teaching